Progressive Era

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Responses to the Challenges Brought About by Industrialization and Urbanization</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Background Terms and Events:  Immigration, Urbanization, Populism</b></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Immigration</b></I></div> <div>      (see previous unit outline)</div> <div> First wave early 1800s - Irish Catholic, Protestant; German, Irish</div> <div> "New Immigration", 1850s-1920s- South and West Europe, Asia; Roman </div> <div> Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish;  Italian, Chinese</div> <div>      Immigration centers</div> <div> Ellis Island</div> <div> Angel Island</div> <div>      Push factors:</div> <div>      Pull factors:</div> <div>      Ethnic Islands</div> <div> Generation gap</div> <div> Nativism</div> <div> 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act</div> <div> 1907 Gentleman's Agreement</div> <div> 1913 Alien Land Law</div> <div> 1920s Immigration Quotas</div> <div>      Emergency Quota Act, 1921</div> <div>           Immigration Restriction Act, 1924</div> <div> Thomas Nast cartoons</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Urbanization</b></I></div> <div>      (see previous unit outline)</div> <div>      Great Migration - African-Americans to cities in North</div> <div>      Advantages of cities:     </div> <div> Problems of cities:</div> <bR> <div> <B>Populism</b>  (A response to the effects of industrialization on rural America)</div> <div>      The People's Party, 1891</div> <div>      Origins</div> <div> Granger Movement</div> <div>           Farmer's Alliances</div> <div>      Problems</div> <div>           Railroad rates</div> <div>      Leaders</div> <div>           Tom Watson</div> <div>           Mary Elizabeth Lease, "Raise less corn and more hell!"</div> <div>      Omaha Platform</div> <div> Economic - paper $, free silver, graduated income tax, loan programs</div> <div> Transportation - Government ownership of RRs</div> <div> Political - direct election of senators; secret ballot; initiative, referendum, recall</div> <div>      1896 Presidential Election</div> <div>           William McKinley (R) - Gold standard, business and finance, industrial Northeast</div> <div> Mark Hanna</div> <div>           William Jennings Bryan (D) - Bimetallism (silver)</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Progressivism</U></b><U> </U></div> <div> Definition:  a political and social movement of the 1890s to 1910s, in response to the political, economic and social problems raised by the industrialization of the United States in the late 19<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >th</FONT> century.  Reformers desired to promote the social welfare and moral improvement, enact economic reform, and foster efficiency in all spheres of life.  It included local, state and national reform.  Most of the reform efforts were carried out by the new middle class, and many of the reformers included women.</div> <bR> <div> <B>The </b><B><U>four goals</U></b><B> of Progressivism:</b></div> <div> <B>mnemonic device: SMEE, or WIRE, or SWIMREEF</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>1.  Promote </b><B><U>social welfare</U></b><B> </b> (create better living and working conditions)</div> <bR> <div> <B>Living conditions</b>, especially in cities</div> <div> Jacob Riis, <I>How the Other Half Lives</I></div> <div> Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago, 1889.</div> <div> Social Gospel</div> <div> YMCA, YWCA, Salvation Army</div> <div> <B>      Women and Working Conditions</b></div> <div> <B>     </b>Birth Control, Margaret Sanger</div> <div>      Fair labor standards and working conditions</div> <div>           <I>Lochner v. New York</I>, 1905</div> <div>           <I>Muller v. Oregon</I>, 1908.  Brandeis Brief.</div> <div>      Women's Suffrage, Amendment 19, 1920</div> <bR> <div> <B>2.  Promote </b><B><U>moral improvement</U></b><B>, or "uplift."</b> (teach how to improve personal behavior)</div> <div> Prohibition / Temperance</div> <div> WCTU, 1873. Frances Willard </div> <div> Carrie Nation</div> <div> Anti-Defamation League, 1913</div> <bR> <div> <B>3.  Create </b><B><U>economic reform</U></b><B> </b>(critique of laissez-faire economy)</div> <div> Critiques of capitalism</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Mark Twain, <I>The Gilded Age</I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Henry George, <I>Progress and Poverty</I>, 1879 - the two go together!</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Edward Bellamy, <I>Looking Backward</I>, 1889</div> <div> Socialism - Eugene V. Debs, 1900.  American socialist party.</div> <div> Muckrakers - journalists who expose corruption in govt and business</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ida Tarbell - Rockefeller's Standard Oil</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Lincoln Steffens - leader of muckrakers, exposed corruption</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Upton Sinclair - <I>The Jungle</I>, 1906.  "I aimed at the nation's heart, but by accident I hit it in the stomach."</div> <div> Legislation - Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906; Meat Inspection Act, 1906</div> <bR> <div> <B>4.  Foster </b><B><U>efficiency</U></b>  (Scientific, rational administration to reduce wastefulness and corruption)</div> <div> Scientific Management</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Frederick Winslow Taylor, <I>Principles of Scientific Management</I>, 1911.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Henry Ford's assembly lines, 1910s</div> <div> local govt - eliminate political machines</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"Boss" Tweed, Tamanny Hall</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Galveston Flood, 1900 - experts rebuilt city and made wall to keep out floods</div> <div> state govt</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="72" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Oregon System - secret ballot; initiative, referendum and recall</div> <div> National govt - direct election of senators, Amendment 17, 1913.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="2ee4b7e0.gif" border=0 width="75" height="126" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> National Politics of the Progressive Era</div> <div> <I><B>Theodore Roosevelt (R)</b></I></div> <div> Square Deal</div> <div>      Increase federal power</div> <div>      Mediate coal strike, 1902</div> <div>      Regulating trusts; 44 anti-trust suits</div> <div>           <I>Northern Securities Co. v. United States</I>, 1904</div> <div>      Regulating transportation; improve Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</div> <div>      Protecting health; Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906</div> <div>      Conservation of Natural Resources</div> <div>           TR's personality</div> <div>           John Muir</div> <div>           Gifford Pinchot</div> <div>           United States Forest Service</div> <div>           National Park Service, 1916</div> <div>      The Teddy Bear</div> <div>      </div> <div> <I><B>William Howard Taft (R)</b></I></div> <div>      1908 election: "Vote for Taft this time; you can vote for Bryan any time."</div> <div>      Poor record of achievement, but busted more trusts than TR</div> <div>      1<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >st</FONT> bathtub in White House</div> <div>      TR forms Progressive Party (Bull Moose), 1912 election</div> <div>      Federal Reserve System</div> <div>      Federal Trade Commission</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Woodrow Wilson (D)</b></I></div> <div>      1912 election; Taft, Roosevelt (Progressive), Wilson</div> <div>      Underwood Tariff</div> <div>      Graduated Income Tax</div> <div>      Clayton Antitrust Act</div> <bR> <div> <B>African-Americans</b></div> <div>      Jim Crow laws</div> <div> Booker T. Washington</div> <div>      W. E. B. DuBois</div> <div>      Marcus Garvey</div> <div>      NAACP, 1912</div> <div>      Ida B. Wells</div> <div>      </div> <div> <B>Effect of WWI on Domestic Reform</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Some Questions:</b></div> <div> How progressive was the Progressive Era?</div> <div> What were the achievements of the Progressive Era?</div> <div> What were the limitations of the Progressive Era?</div> <div> How did the Supreme Court advance and limit Progressive reform?</div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>