Civil Rights

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Sanford</I>, slavery and expansion, abolitionism, Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman</div> <div> Emancipation Proclamation (1863), Gettysburg Address (1863)</div> <div> Amendments 13, 14, 15 (free-citizens-vote)</div> <div> Amendment 14:  equal protection, due process</div> <div> Reconstruction, Jim Crow laws, <I>Plessy v. Ferguson</I> (1896), segregation, impact of world wars,</div> <div> NAACP, W.E.B. DuBois, Booker T. Washington, Great Migration, Harlem Renaissance</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Truman Era and Civil Rights, 1940s</b></I></div> <div> Jackie Robinson - 1<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >st</FONT> African American to play in major league baseball</div> <div> De-segregation of the armed forces, 1948</div> <bR> <div> <I><B><U>Civil Rights, 1950s</U></b></I></div> <div> The Warren Court (Earl Warren - presided over Supreme Court, 1953-1969)</div> <div> <I>Brown v. Board of Education</I>, 1954</div> <div>      In education, “the doctrine of separate but equal has no place.”</div> <div> Ordered the end of segregation “with all deliberate speed”</div> <div> Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957; Little Rock Nine</div> <div> Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955; Rosa Parks, MLK, nonviolence, civil disobedience</div> <bR> <div> <B>Civil Rights during the Kennedy Administration</b></div> <div> JFK's New Frontier</div> <div> Greensboro Sit-in, 1960</div> <div> Birmingham, Alabama, 1963</div> <div>      Protests march -> police and arrests; dogs, firehoses</div> <div>      MLK jailed; “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (1963)</div> <div> University of Alabama, 1963</div> <div>      Governor George Wallace</div> <div>      President Kennedy and National Guard</div> <div>      Forrest Gump</div> <div> March on Washington</div> <div>      In response to JFK's TV speech on civil rights, proposed bill</div> <div>      MLK's “I have a dream” speech, 1963</div> <div> “Freedom Summer,” 1964</div> <bR> <div> <B>Civil Rights during the Johnson Administration</b></div> <div> President Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Great Society</div> <div> Medicare</div> <div> War on Poverty</div> <div> *Civil Rights Act of 1964</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">protection of voting rights for all Americans</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">opening of public facilities to people of all races</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">a commission to protect equal job opportunities for all Americans</div> <div> 24<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >th</FONT> Amendment - abolished poll taxes</div> <div> <I>Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States</I>, 1964 - racial segregation of private facilities </div> <div> engaged in interstate commerce is unconstitutional</div> <div> *Voting Rights Act of 1965</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">end to literacy tests</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">authorized federal agents to register voters in areas suspected of discrim.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00c800000000.gif" HEIGHT="13" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Directed attorney general of US to take legal action against states using poll taxes</div> <div> Kerner Commission, 1967:  “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one </div> <div> white - separate and unequal.”</div> <div> Fair Housing Act, 1968</div> <div> Impact of Vietnam War on LBJ's domestic policies</div> <bR> <div> Civil Rights Groups</div> <div> SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</div> <div> SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference</div> <div> CORE - Congress of Racial Equality, “Freedom Riders”</div> <div> Alternative Civil Rights Methods</div> <div> Black Power - Black Panthers</div> <div> Malcolm X - Islam, black nationalism (anti-integration); assassinated, 1965</div> <div> Riots in New York, Watts, 1964,1965</div> <div> Assassinations</div> <div>      JFK, 1963; MLK, April 1968</div> <div>      Robert F. Kennedy, presidential candidate committed to civil rights, 1968</div> <bR> <div> <B>Women's Rights Movement - Background</b></div> <div> Abigail Adams, “Don't Forget the Ladies”</div> <div> Seneca Falls Convention, 1848; Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucrecia Mott</div> <div> Declaration of Sentiments, “All men and women are created equal”</div> <div> Abolitionism splits women's suffrage movement, 14<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >th</FONT> amendment, 1868</div> <div> Ratification of 19<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >th</FONT> Amendment, 1920; flappers / New Woman, 1920s</div> <div> Rosie the Riveter, war-related employment, 1940s</div> <bR> <div> <B>Women's Rights, 1960s</b></div> <div> Betty Friedan, <I>The Feminine Mystique</I>, 1963</div> <div>      Not all women were content with role as home-maker</div> <div> Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 - no job discrimination on basis of sex or race</div> <div> National Organization of Women (NOW), 1966; founded by Betty Friedan</div> <div> Birth Control</div> <div> Equal Rights Amendment, 1972</div> <div>      Approved by Congress, rejected by states (3/4 states ratification necessary)</div> <div>      “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United </div> <div> States or any state on account of sex.”</div> <div> Equal Employment Opportunity Act, 1972</div> <div>      Required equal wages for equal work</div> <div> Title IX of Educational Amendments Act, 1972</div> <div>      Gave female college athletes the right to the same financial support as male athletes</div> <div> <I>Roe v. Wade</I>, 1973</div> <div>      A woman's right to terminate a pregnancy is constitutionally protected</div> <div>      Bill of Rights and 14<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >th</FONT> Amendment right to privacy</div> <div>      Challenges continue</div> <div> Feminism - women should have same econ, soc, and pol rights as men</div> <div> Sexism - beliefs or practices that discriminate against a person on the basis of sex</div> <div> Glass ceiling - a mid-level position open to women, but allows women to see upper-level </div> <div> positions occupied by men</div> <div> Sandra Day O'Connor - first woman on Supreme Court, 1980s</div> <div> Geraldine Ferraro - Democratic Vice-Presidential candidate, 1984</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Setbacks for the Women's Rights Movement</b></I></div> <div> President Nixon - vetoed a bill that would have provided for a national system of day care </div> <div> for the children of working mothers (family, not govt, should take care of children)</div> <div> Affirmative Action - to correct past injustices against minorities by giving preferences in </div> <div> employment, college admissions, and appointments.</div> <div> Affirmative action became attacked as reverse discrimination:</div> <div>           <I>Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</I>, 1979</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Native Americans - Background</b></I></div> <div> Themes (and myths):  </div> <div> Diversity (myth of all Indians being the same or being unified)</div> <div> Complexity (myth of the “noble savage” and the uncivilized Indian)</div> <div> Adapted to and altered natural environment (myth environmentalist Indian)</div> <div> Persistence (myth of the vanishing Indian or of Indians as part of the past)</div> <div> Settlement and unsettlement:  First contact, disease; Columbian Exchange; different colonial </div> <div> policies and attitudes of Spanish, French, Dutch, British, Americans</div> <div> <I>Worcester v. Georgia</I>, 1832  Cherokee = domestic, dependent nations; states have no authority</div> <div> Trail of Tears, 1838-39</div> <div> Indian Wars, 1870s-1890s</div> <div>      Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876; “Custer's Last Stand”; Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull</div> <div>      Flight of the Nez Perce, 1877; Chief Joseph; General Nelson Miles</div> <div>      Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890</div> <div> Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 (Allotment)</div> <div> American Indians gain full citizenship, 1924</div> <div> Indian Re-organization Act, 1934 - ended allotment policy</div> <div>      John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Native American Civil Rights, 1950s-1970s</b></I></div> <div> Termination, 1953 - end special recognition for Indians, encourage integration</div> <div> Occupation of Alcatraz, 1969-1971</div> <div>      1868 Sioux Treaty gave Indians rights to unused federal lands</div> <div> American Indian Movement (AIM)</div> <div> “Red Power”</div> <div> Pine Ridge Reservation, “Wounded Knee,” South Dakota, 1973</div> <div> Oglala Sioux</div> <div> Leonard Peltier</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Civil Rights for Hispanic-Americans</b></I></div> <div> New Spain, Spanish Colonization:  Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, </div> <div> California, Colorado</div> <div> Puerto Rico - commonwealth</div> <div> Cuba - 1959 revolution, led by Fidel Castro</div> <div> Chicanos:  Mexican-Americans</div> <div> Latinos:  family origin in Spanish-speaking nations of Latin America</div> <div> Hispanics:  Spanish-speaking Americans</div> <div> Organizing farm labor, 1963</div> <div>      Cesar Chavez, United Farmworkers Organizing Committee     </div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Asian Americans</b></I></div> <div> Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882</div> <div> Gentlemen's Agreement, 1907</div> <div> Japanese-American internment; Executive Order 9066</div> <div>      Hirabayashi v. U.S., 1943</div> <div>      Korematsu v. U.S., 1944</div> <div>      Civil Rights Act of 1988</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Disabled Citizens</b></I></div> <div>      Special Olympics</div> <div>      Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504</div> <div>           “free appropriate public education”</div> <div>      Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 1975</div> <div>      I.D.E.A., 1997:  Individuals with Disabilities Education Act</div> <div> Individualized Education Program (IEP)</div> <div> Least restrictive environment</div> <div> Mainstreaming, inclusion</div> <div> Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990</div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Rights of the Accused </b></I></div> <div> <I>Mapp v. Ohio</I>, 1961     </div> <div> <I>Baker v. Carr</I>, 1962     </div> <div> <I>Gideon v. Wainwright</I>, 1963     </div> <div> <I>Miranda v. Arizona</I>, 1966     </div> <bR> <div> <I><B>The Environment</b></I></div> <div> George Perkins Marsh, <I>Man and Nature</I>, 1864</div> <div> John Wesley Powell, <I>Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States</I>, 1879</div> <div> Conservation / Preservation debates:  John Muir, Gifford Pinchot</div> <div> United States Forest Service, Department of Agriculture</div> <div> National Parks Service, Department of the Interior</div> <div>      National Parks Act, 1916; dual mandate:  to preserve for the enjoyment of future generations</div> <div> Rachel Carson, <I>Silent Spring</I>, 1962</div> <div> Wilderness Act, 1964     </div> <div> Earth Day, April 22, 1970; Gaylord Nelson</div> <div> National Environmental Policy Act, 1970</div> <div> Environmental Protection Agency</div> <div>      Environmental Impact Statement</div> <div> Clean Air Act</div> <div> Endangered Species Act, 1973</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>