Direct and Cross Examination

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to allow the witness to narrate the facts in support of the case.  Any factual areas examined on direct examination may be subject to cross-examination.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Limitations:</b>  The function of the attorney is to ask questions, nothing more.  Attorneys themselves may not testify or give evidence.  Direct questions are intended to lay a foundation for the summary which occurs during the closing statement; therefore, direct questions should not be used to argue a point, but instead to elicit statements that will serve as evidence for the summary. </div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Procedure for making a Direct Examination:</U></b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Prior step - preparation</b>: </div> <div>  Read the case and make the synopsis (facts, evidence, issue statement, relevant law, test, thesis and strategy).</div> <bR> <div> <B>Step One - Review your goal</b>:  Start with your summation or thesis (where you want to get to).  For example, ask yourself, "What do I want to get out of this witness?"  Or, "How does this witness' testimony help prove the thesis/case?" or  "What can the witness say that will support your case?"</div> <bR> <div> <B>Step Two - Work your way forward, toward your goal</b>. </div> <div> Make Direct Questions in accordance with the suggestions listed here.  Work with your witness; let them be a part of the process.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Making Direct Questions:</U></b>  Understand what makes a good direct question; the opposing side will raise objections to poor questions and damage the force and integrity of your thesis/case.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Qualities of a good direct question:</b></div> <div>      Phrased so as to evoke a set of facts from the witness</div> <div>      Asks for observations or feelings, rather than </div> <div>      Within the scope of the witness</div> <div>      Related to the thesis</div> <div>      Builds on prior questions</div> <div>      Lays the groundwork for future, more detailed questions.</div> <div>      Contains only one inquiry per question.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Qualities to Avoid when making a direct (and cross-exam) question:</b></div> <div>      Leading -suggests an answer to the witness ("Isn't it true you never saw </div> <div>                       anything?")</div> <div>      Narrative - goes beyond the facts for which the question was asked.</div> <div>      Speculative - asks the witness to speculate or make guesses.</div> <div>      Outside of the Scope of the Witness - witness affidavit does not give an </div> <div>                        answer to that Q.</div> <div>      Argumentative - challenges the witness about his/her inference from the facts, </div> <div>             rather than seeking additional facts (more likely to occur during Cross-</div> <div>             Examination)</div> <div>      Compound - requires the witness to give one answer to a question which  </div> <div>            contains two separate inquiries ("You like chocolate and your mother ran </div> <div>             for governor, no?")</div> <div>           (Most judges will permit questions that are compound by definition, but that </div> <div>                    do not interfere with the overall process - for example, "State your </div> <div>                   name and occupation.")</div> <div>      Asked and Answered - ones which have already been asked and answered.</div> <div>      Hearsay (Questions which ask for hearsay, which is evidence of a statement </div> <div>             made by someone who is not the witness on the stand).  "What did Dr. X </div> <div>             say to you at that time?"</div> <div> Exceptions:</div> <div> Rule 402 admission against interest of a party or party    </div> <div>       opponent</div> <div> Rule 403 State of Mind</div> <div> Rule 404 Business Records</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I><B>Cross Examination</b></I></div> <div> <B>Definition</b>:  A chance to ask questions of a witness called by the opposing side; occurs after the other side has conducted its direct examination of a witness.</div> <div> <B>Time limit</b>:  5 minutes</div> <div> <B>Purpose:</b>  To clarify or cast doubt upon the testimony of opposing witnesses.  Inconsistency in stories, bias and other damaging facts may be pointed out to the judge.</div> <div> Scope:  You have more leniency than during Direct Examination (leading questions, etc.), but you may only bring up material covered during the Direct Examination.</div> <div> <B>Some Advice to Attorneys</b>:  You should always know the answer to Cross-Examination questions that you are asking.  They should be based on the affidavit, not what the witness thought, felt, etc.  Act as if during the cross-examination <U>you</U> are the witness (<U>you</U> are providing the information) and the actual witness is forced to respond simply with a yes or no answer.  When the witness vacillates, remind them, "Yes or no please."</div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>