Industrialization, 1865-1900
"Wild" West, Rise of Big Business, Immigration, Urbanization
The "Wild" West
Western Settlement
End of the Civil War
Homestead Act, 1862
Transcontinental railroad
Government land grants
Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Leland Stanford, Chinese, Irish
Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869
Standardized Time; C. F. Dowd's plan for 24 time zones, 1870; Novemer 18, 1883
Economy: mining, ranching, farming
Admission of Western States: NV, CO, SD, ND, MT, WA, ID, WY.
Surveying the West
John Wesley Powell, 1869, 1872
Clarence King (contour lines, USGS), 40th parallel
Nathaniel Langford and Henry D. Washburn, Yellowstone
Cowboys, 1867-1887
Cow towns: Abilene, Dodge City
Bars and brothels
Cattle Drives
Chisholm Trail, 1867
Goodknight-Loving Trail
Violence
Myth or reality?
End of the cattle culture, 1890s
1. Invention of Barbed Wire, 1874
Joseph Glidden
Patent
2.
3.
Indians
Native American Indian themes
Diversity
Complexity
Adapted to, and altered, natural environment
Persistence
Native American Indian Stereotypes
Pan-Indianism, unified culture
Uncivilized Savages, Noble Savages
The Environmental Indian
Myth of the Vanishing Indian; assimilation, extermination
Major Indian Groups Resisting
Sioux (Teton, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Lakota)
Cheyenne, Comanche, Navajo (Dine), Apache
Methods of Displacing Indians
Reservations
Treaties
Armed Conflict
Union generals sent west
Phil Sheridan
William Tecumseh Sherman
Settlement: Oklahoma Sooners, 1889
Destruction of Indian Economy and Lifestyle: Buffalo
The Indian Wars - Three Major Events
Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876 ("Custer's Last Stand")
General George Armstrong Custer
Black Hills, SD
Ft. Laramie Treaty, 1868
Sioux
Sitting Bull
Crazy Horse
Flight of the Nez Perce, 1877
Chief Joseph, "Thunder Rolling From the Mountains"
"I will fight no more forever"
General Oliver O. Howard
Freedmen's Bureau
Howard University
General Nelson Miles
(Richard White's "middle ground" thesis)
Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890
Big Foot
Ghost Dance
Wovoka
Occupation of Pine Ridge, American Indian Movement, 1973
The Dawes Severalty Act, 1887
"in severalty"
"Education"
Carlisle Indian School, PA.
The West of the Imagination
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Buffalo Bill Cody
"Cowboys and Indians" and Hollywood Westerns
John Wayne
Visual Art
George Catlin, Frederic Remington, Charles M. Russell, Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Moran
The Closing of the Frontier
Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in
American History," 1893.
Census of 1890
American qualities:
Source of American qualities:
A final thought on the "Wild" West: Chief Luther Standing Bear, 1933
The Rise of Big Business, 1865-1920
Inventions
Patents
Railroads
Pullman sleeping car
Samuel F. B. Morse, Telegraph, 1844
Joseph Glidden, barbed wire, 1874
Thomas A. Edison
Menlo Park, NJ, 1876
Phonograph, 1877; first efficient incandescent light bulb, 1879; improved motion
picture projector, 1897; alkaline storage battery, 1900.
Electric utility industry
George Westinghouse, Alternating Current
Alexander Graham Bell, American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Telephone, 1876
George Eastman, Kodak camera, paper-based film, 1888.
Business and Culture
Mail-order catalogs: Montgomery Ward, 1872; Sears, Roebuck and
Company
Grocery and Chain Stores: Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P)
"five and dime" stores - F. W. Woolworth, 1879
Brand names: Coca-Cola, Campbell's Soup, Nabisco Crackers,
Kellogg's cereals
Business Developments
Corporation
Shares
Stocks
Dividends
Monopoly
Merger
Pool
Trust
Entrepreneurs
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie Steel
Vertical Integration
Bessemer process
Homestead
Henry Clay Frick
Philanthropy
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Company
Horizontal Integration
Cyrus W. Field
Jay Gould
J. Pierpont Morgan
Carnegie Steel -> U.S. Steel, 1901
Henry Ford
Assembly line, mass production, 1913
Attitudes and Values
Horatio Alger's novels
Self-help
Laissez-faire
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776
Invisible hand, market forces (supply and demand)
Free enterprise system
Social Darwinism
Critiques
"robber barons" or "captains of industry"?
Mark Twain, "The Gilded Age"
Discipline and productivity
Graham crackers
Government Policies Toward Business
In general:
Early stages
Laissez-faire
Assistance: land grants to railroads, high tariffs, few limits on
immigration
Regulation
Supreme Court Decisions
Munn v. Illinois, 1877
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway v. Illinois, 1886
Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
Interstate Commerce Commission
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890
"in restraint of trade or commerce"
United States v. E.C. Knight Company, 1895
Holding companies
New Patterns of Work
Industrial working conditions:
Rise of Organized Labor
Strategies
Collective bargaining
Strike
Unions
Knights of Labor, 1860s - 1890s
Terence Powderly
Skilled and unskilled labor, women, African-Americans, immigrants
Eight-hour day, end to child labor, equal opportunities
American Federation of Labor, AFL, 1886
Samuel Gompers
Collection of craft unions (skilled workers in similar trades)
"bread-and-butter" issues
Not welcoming to women, African-Americans, immigrants
International Ladies' Garment Workers Union, ILGWU, 1910
Sweatshops
Pauline Newman, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 1911
United Mine Workers of America; Mother Jones
International Workers of the World, IWW
Other alternatives
Socialism
Eugene V. Debs
Communism
Labor Conflict, Four Key Events
1. Great Railway Strike, 1877
Rutherford B. Hayes
2. Haymarket Square Riot, 1886
Chicago, McCormick harvester plant
anarchists
Consequences for Knights of Labor
3. Homestead Strike, 1892
Carnegie Steel plant, Homestead, PA.
4. Pullman Strike, 1894
Company town
American Railway Union, Eugene V. Debs
Injunction
In re Debs, 1895
Immigration and Urbanization
Colonial Immigration:
Old Immigration:
New Immigration:
Ellis Island
Angel Island
Theories of Immigration
Melting Pot
Assimilation
Cultural Pluralism
"salad bowl"
Reactions Against Immigration
Nativism
Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Gentlemen's Agreement, 1907-08
Literacy Test, 1917
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
National Origins Quota Act of 1924
National Origins Act of 1929
Urbanization
Classes
Workers and poor
Middle Class
Leisure: sewing, phonographs, concerts, outdoor recreation, bicycling
Baseball: Cincinnati Red Stockings
National League, 1876; American League, 1901; World Series, 1903
Boxing, football, basketball (1891)
Wealthy
Summer homes, mansions, charity
Negative Effects
Housing: tenements
Health: disease, poor water and sanitation, poor diet
Politics
Political machines
Boss
kickback
William Marcy Tweed, Tammany Hall
Thomas Nast
Positive Effects
New technologies: Skyscraper, elevator; gas and electric lights
Brooklyn Bridge, 1883; George Washington Roebling
Mass transit: subways, elevated trains, streetcars
Culture: museums, concert halls, parks, theaters; magazines, newspapers, novels
Next Units:
Progressive Era (America responds to the conditions brought about by Industrialization)
Populism, Reform, Conservation, Regulation of Business
America As a World Power
American Imperialism, Entry into WWI
