FRev and Nap Outline
AP European History
Dr. Weiselberg
Unit Outline
The French Revolution and Napoleon
The Old Regime
The Three Estates
First
Second
Third
Bourgeoisie
City Workers
Peasants
Causes of the French Revolution
Long-Term
Political
Louis XVI
Marie Antionette
"Let them eat cake"
Political unity of absolute monarchy
Social
Cultural
French cultural identity; membership, fraternity
Economic (Rich country, empty treasury)
Unequal taxes
Taille
Exemptions for clergy, nobility
Intellectual
Examples
Immediate
Financial Crisis
Famine, poor harvest of 1788
Discontent of the Third Estate
cahiers de doleances
Four Phases of the French Revolution
OUTBREAK OF REVOLUTION TO NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, 1789-1791
Estates-General, Jan 24, 1789
1788, Louis XVI calls Estates-General at request of nobility
1614
Problems with voting structure
National Assembly
Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?, 1789
"What is the Third Estate? ________
"Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat? Tout.
What has it been in the political order to the present? ________
Qu'a-t-il ete jusqu'a present dans l'ordre politique? Rien.
What does it ask?" __________
Que demande-t-il? A y devenir quelque chose."
Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789
Purpose:
What happened:
Reasoning of the delgates:
King sides with:
Popular Unrest
Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
The Great Fear, July 1789
Renunciation of feudal rights, August 4, 1789
Women's Bread Riot, October 1789
National Assembly (Constituent Assembly, b/c drafting a Constitution)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 29, 1789
Main provisions:
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-
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Olympe de Gouges, Decl. of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791
(Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790
French national church
election of bishopsstate salary for clergy
Two churches in France
"Refractory" clergy - clandestine, counterrevolutionary
"Constitutional" clergy - official, paid by state
Confiscation of Church lands
Assignats - negotiable currency based on confiscated church lands
(favored middle class; free time, capital to travel to auctions, conduct business)
Constitution of 1791; Constitutional Monarchy
Legislative - Legislative Assembly
Executive - King and ministers
Judicial
Citizens - all had same civil rights
Active - could vote for electors or become electors; education, fees, age
Passive - could not vote
Rationalize political geography - est. of 83 departments and municipal govts.
- decentralization in reaction to Old Regime's centralized bureaucracy
Religious liberty
Slavery abolished in France
Counter-revolution
Emigres
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790
Flight to Varennes, 1791
Girondins
War with Austria and Prussia, 1792
THE SECOND REVOLUTION:
FROM CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY TO REPUBLIC, 1792 (-1794)
National Convention, 1792-1795
Est. of The Republic, September 20, 1792; Year One of the French Republic
Paris Commune, 1792
A revolutionary municipal govt.
Storming of the Tuileries palace, August 10, 1792
September Massacres
The Marseillaise
Sans-Culottes
Without culottes (knee breeches of upper and middle class)
Popular revolutionaries, outside the Convention
Drive out the Girondins (moderates); Girondins into exile or hiding
Enrages
Extreme radicals (more than sans-culottes), reject parliamentary reform
Symbols and Slogans
Tricolor
Liberty Cap, Phrygian Cap
Female Figures
Political cartoons and allegory
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
Trial and Execution of the King, 1793
guillotine
THE REIGN OF TERROR, 1793-1794
Committee of Public Safety
Est'd by The Convention
Goals: National mobilization of nation's resources
Repress anarchy, civil strife and counterrevolution
(enemies = Paris Commune, emigres)
Leaders
Georges Danton
Maximilian Robespierre
Virtue (unselfish public spirit)
The Incorruptible
Goal: democratic republic of good citizens
Q: Was Robespierre an idealist, visionary and patriot or
bloodthirsty fanatic, dictator, and demagogue?
Levee en masse
Republic of Virtue
Dechristianization
Cult of the Supreme Being
Reign of Terror
Revolutionary ("emergency", "extra-constitutional") govt.
Convention creates a Constitution, but suspends it
Executions by guillotine
Terror Turns Inward
Attacks on enrages (Jacques Hebert)
Arrest and execution of Robespierre, 8 Thermidor (July 26, 1794)
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
A PATH BETWEEN SANS-CULOTTES AND ROYALISTS, 1794-1799
Thermidorians
Moderates within the Convention
The Directory (1795-1799)
Middle class support (narrow social base)
Fear of mob rule, but commitment to civil liberties and constitution
Constitution of the Year III, 1795
Opposition
Left: Gracchus Babeuf, Conspiracy of Equals
Democracy, equality, abolition of private property
Directory puts Babeuf to guillotine
Right: Royalists, want return of king (Louis XVIII)
Defeated by alliance with military, Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot"
NAPOLEON
Napoleon
Rise to Power
1769, Napoleon born on Corsica
1795, Napoleon saves the Directory from royalist rebels, with a "whiff of grapeshot."
1796 Nap's victories over Austria and Sardinia
1799 Nap's armies stuck in Egypt, loss to British fleet; yet, Nap's popular image strong
The Consulate, 1799-1804, An Authoritarian Republic
1799 coup d'etat by Napoleon against Directory, 18 Brumaire 1799
First Consul
new constitution
First Consul for Life
Plebescite
French Empire, 1804-1815
1804, December 2, Coronation as Emperor
___________ crowned Napoleon as Emperor of France
Napoleon's Empire
France in the New World
Haiti
Toussaint L'Overture, 1801
Thomas Jefferson, Louisiana Purchase, 1803
France in Europe
Third Coalition - GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
Battle of Trafalgar, 1805
Horatio Nelson
supremacy of British Navy
stopped Nap from invading Britain
Napoleon's Rule and Achievements
"A newborn government must dazzle and astonish."
"Napoleon believed in government for the people, but not by the people."
In general: Assured dissolution of the Old Regime by establishing egalitarianism
in govt, in law and in educational opportunity.
Religion
Concordat of 1801
Government, Law
Civil Code (Code Napoleon), 1804
merit
nepotism
secret police
Education
Lycee
Economy
Internal Improvements
Napoleon's 3 Mistakes
Continental System, 1806
Louis
The Peninsular War, 1808-1813
Joseph
nationalism
Catholicism
Francisco Goya, Executions of May Third, 1808 (1814)
Invasion of Russia, 1812
Tsar Alexander I
Mercenary army
Scorched-earth policy
Moscow
Russian winter
Napoleon's 2 Exiles/Defeats
1814, Battle of Leipzig
Exiled to Elba, 1 year
King Louis XVIII.
Nap Escapes and performs a coup; Louis XVIII out.
The Hundred Days
June 1815, Battle of Waterloo (in Belgium)
Duke of Wellington (GB)
Nap exiled to St. Helena, S. Atlantic, 6 years
Q: Was Napoleon: Was Napoleon a hero of the Revolution, or its enemy?
"I am the revolution"
Effects of The French Revolution
Immediate
End of Old Regime
Execution of monarchs
War against the First Coalition
Reign of Terror
Rise of Napoleon
Long-Term
Decline in French Power
Conservative Reaction
Spread of Enlightenment ideas (and rise of reactions against them - conservatism, Romanticism)
Nationalism
International Organizations
Revolutions in Latin America
Neo-Classicism and Romanticism debate in Art
The Congress of Vienna, 1815
Overall purpose:
Nations present:
Klemens von Metternich
Conservatism
Three Goals of the Congress of Vienna:
Contain France
Kingdom of the Netherlands (Austrian NL and Dutch Republic combined)
German Confederation
Switzerland
Kingdom of Sardinia, add Genoa
Balance of Power
Definition:
Concert of Europe
Legitimacy
Definition:
Louis XVIII
Bourbon Restoration
Hapsburgs
Legacy of Congress of Vienna (and FREV/Nap)
Revolutionary ideas continue (Congress of Vienna cannot turn back the clock)
France, 1830 revolutions
Europe, 1848 revolutions
Nationalism in Italy, Germany and Greece (areas put under foreign control by C of V)
War for Greek Independence, 1830
Latin America: Mexico, 1821; Simon Bolivar, Venezuela, 1811-1821;
San Martin, Argentina; Brazil, 1822
Russia, Emancipation of serfs, 1861
Rise of liberalism, democracy, nationalism (equity, justice)
"Peace" until 1914
GB and Fra have constitutional monarchy
Except 1853 Crimean War
