Early Modern Europe
AP European History
Dr. Weiselberg
Early Modern Europe, 1500-1700, Outline
Age of Exploration
Prior Examples Limited
1100 Crusades
1275 Marco Polo to China, Kublai Khan
Factors Encouraging Exploration
Europeans seek greater wealth
Spices
W. Eur. Wants to bypass Italian control of spice trade -> sea exploration
Spread of Xty
Convert non-Xns, fight Muslims
Technological Advances
Caravel - triangular sails help to sail against the wind (tack)
Astrolabe (Muslims) - to determine latitude
Sextant - replaced astrolabe
Magnetic compass (Chinese)
Sack of Constantinople by the Turks, 1453
Portugal - first explorers
Prince Henry
Bartholomew Diaz
Vasco de Gama - open sea trade with Asia
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
Spain - "God, Gold, Glory"
conquistadors
Christopher Columbus, 1492
Hernando Cortez, 1519
Aztecs, Montezuma
Francisco Pizarro
Incas
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Santa Fe
Pueblo Revolt, 1680
Pope
Bartholomew de Las Casas
France - Preach and Trade
Samuel de Champlain
Jesuit missionaries
The Netherlands (Holland, Dutch) - trade
Goede Morgen, Hoe Gaat Het?
Dutch East India Company, Dutch West India Company
Henry Hudson, 1609
New Amsterdam, New Netherlands, 1621-1664
South Africa
Boers (Afrikaners)
Apartheid, 1948-1990s
England - settlement, religious freedom
Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
Jamestown, 1607
New England - Puritans
Virgina - tobacco
French and Indian War, 1754-1763
Columbian Exchange
From Americas to Europe:
From Europe to Americas:
African Slavery
Triangle Trade
Middle Passage
Asia
China abandons explorations, restricts trade with foreigners
Japan outlaws Xty (1612), drives out Xn missionaries; closed from Eur
for 200 yrs
Commercial Revolution
Economic Isms of Early Modern Europe
Colonialism
Joint-stock company
Mercantilism
Philipp W. von Hornick, Austria Over All If She Only Will, 1684.
Favorable balance of trade
Self-sufficiency
Capitalism
Age of Absolutism
Absolutism
Centralization of power
Remove checks on king's power: church, nobility (Parliament/legislature)
Divine right
Jean Bodin
Bishop Bossuet
Secular defense of absolutism - Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651
Bureaucratization
Permanent (standing) army
Taxes
Reasons for growth of absolutism
Decline of feudalism
Rise of cities
Growth of national kingdoms
Middle class back monarchs - peaceful, supportive climate for
business
Colonial wealth
Decline of Church authority
Periods of crisis
Spain
Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, expulsion of Muslims and Jews, 1492
Philip II - son of Charles V - inherited Spain, Sp Netherlands and North America
Pro-Catholic, anti-Muslim
Fleet defeated by Eng, 1588
El Greco
Diego Velazquez
Miguel Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605)
The Netherlands - merchants, civic leaders and middle class
Protestant
William Carr, Capitalism in Amsterdam, 1693
The Dutch Revolt
William of Orange
Northern provinces independent, 1579
Southern provinces = Catholic, Spanish control, present-day
Belgium
Dutch Republic
Dutch fleet and commercial empire
Rembrandt van Rijn
Jan Vermeer
France
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
Edict of Nantes, 1598
"Paris is well worth a Mass."
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV (1638-1715) (Bourbon ruler)
"L'etat, c'est moi"
The Sun King
Versailles
Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685
Intendants
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Louis' wars
Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
Ferdinand II, future HREmperor, Hapsburg (Cath)
Bohemian revolt against appointment of Ferdinand as King of Bohemia
Defenestration
Phase I: Hapsburg Triumphs by Austria, Spain
Phase II: Hapsburg Defeats
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Prot)
France (Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin) support Prots, against Hapsburgs
Peace of Westphalia, 1648
Weakened Hapsburgs (Spain and Austria), strenghened France.
German princes -> independent of HRE
Ended religious wars in Europe
Reinforced Peace of Augsburg, but added Calvinism
Beginning of modern state system:
Eur = group of independent states that could negotiate for
themselves
England
James I, 1603-1625 - Stuart, cousin of Elizabeth, son of Mary (Puritan)
True Law of Free Monarchies, 1598
Charles I
Petition of Right
English Civil War, 1642-1649
Royalists, Cavaliers
Roundheads, Puritans
Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)
New Model Army
1649 King Charles gets a haircut (down to his neck).
Charles II, 1660-1685
Restoration
James II - brother of Charles (Cath), 1685-1688
Reinforce Catholicism
Glorious Revolution, 1688
Mary - daughter of James II (Prot)
William of Orange - prince of the Netherlands
Growth of Democracy in England
Constitutional monarchy
Bill of Rights (English Declaration of Rights)
Cabinet system
Prime minister
Habeas corpus
Baroque Art (1600-1750)
Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, Antonio Vivaldi
Caravaggio, Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt Van Rijn
Rococo
Francois Boucher, Franz Josef Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
